Signal transduction is the fundamental process by which cells convert external cues into tailored intracellular responses. Through a cascade of molecular events—beginning at the cell membrane with the ...

Naturally occurring calcium channels act as pores on the membranes of excitable cells, such as those found in nerves and muscles. The channels drive electrical activity by controlling the influx of ...

Bacterial chemotaxis is a sophisticated behavioural process that enables microorganisms to navigate toward favourable environments by detecting subtle differences in chemical gradients. At the heart ...