Any good athlete will tell you that the key to an exceptional performance is to imagine the task ahead and then to practice until the body can bring this imagined sequence into reality. Similarly, ...

The reactive controls we discussed in Part 1 are driven entirely by error. This is a bit like driving a car while looking out the back window. Your mistakes may be ...

Most often, a proportional-integral-derivative or PID control algorithm can do the job. The output from the PID is applied through the digital to analog converter (DAC) to the amplifier and the motor.

Self-regulating systems with feedback loops, i.e., the routing back of the output of a system to its input, have existed since antiquity and have since become an integral part of modern technology.

Well designed conventional PID controllers using Ziegler-Nichols method are having large overshoot and settling time. Significant research work has been carried out to improve the performance of ...