During the first step, adhesions should be dissected very carefully to avoid perforating the esophageal mucosa and separating it from the liver. Once this is achieved, the previous fundoplication is ...

Image C is the upper gastrointestinal series of a patient who presented with chest pain, whose manometry showed a pattern of type III achalasia (spastic contractions). This is clinically is similar to ...

An endoscope with a transparent cap enters through a 2 cm mucosal incision into the submucosal “third” space, approximately 5 cm proximal to the lower esophageal sphincter. Four distinct tissue layers ...

Achalasia is a chronic oesophageal motility disorder characterised by impaired relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS) and loss of peristalsis. This condition results in progressive ...

The aim of cardiomyotomy in achalasia patients is to decrease the lower oesophageal sphincter tone [1]. Although this procedure improves dysphagia, it can induce gastroesophageal reflux [2 - 5]. So, ...

Two types of partial wrap are commonly performed in achalasia patients after Heller myotomy: the posterior 270° fundoplication (Toupet) and the anterior 180° fundoplication (Dor). The optimal type of ...

1. Which doctor should I consult for myotomy? Esophageal myotomy is usually performed by a gastroenterologist. A medical gastroenterologist may perform endoscopic procedures. Other procedures are ...