A research team at the University of Münster has investigated for the first time how the confrontation of bacteria with hosts that have an activated innate immune system affects the evolution of ...

MicroRNAs are short non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by guiding effector complexes to complementary sequences in target transcripts. In insects ...

For a century, the rule was simple: you cannot vaccinate an invertebrate. Animals without backbones — insects, crustaceans, mollusks — lack the adaptive immune system that vertebrates use to ...