Tipping elements of the Earth system should be considered global commons, researchers argue. Global commons cannot -- as they currently do -- only include the parts of the planet outside of national ...

Earth is a complex system, with myriad interactions and feedbacks among the atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere, cryosphere, and biosphere, as well as the people, institutions, and technologies that ...

In a white paper published by a multidisciplinary team of top scientists in China, Earth system is defined to encompass both internal and external geospheres from solid Earth system through surface ...